2025/05/07

關於 Civil war sweet potato coffee (with the help of gAI)

關於 Civil war sweet potato coffee

首先,美國軍隊與咖啡的淵源:

可追溯至獨立戰爭時期(1775–1783)。1773年波士頓傾茶事件後,許多殖民者將飲茶視為不愛國的行為,轉而選擇咖啡作為替代品。咖啡館成為殖民地領袖的重要聚會場所,包括許多開國元勳。

一直到第七任總統 Andrew Jackson 在1832年做了一項重要決策。當時,傑克遜簽署了一項行政命令,指示在軍隊口糧中以咖啡和糖取代原先的朗姆酒、威士忌或白蘭地配給。這一舉措旨在減少士兵中因過度飲酒而導致的不服從和意外傷害,同時提升部隊的精力和士氣。


From the time of the Revolution through the Civil War, the basis of all Army troop feeding, whether in camp or on the march, was the so-called garrison ration. It consisted of little more than an allotment of bread and meat (occasionally vegetables) and a beverage.

At first that beverage was alcohol. The patriot troops under General Washington did so welcome their allowance of rum, whiskey, and other assorted “spirits.” (A full colonel could receive as much as a half gallon of spirits a week.)

Noting the “deleterious effects” of including all that alcohol in the military diet, the Surgeon General, and later Secretary of War John C. Calhoun began to lobby against its inclusion in the ration. The struggle over this issue continued throughout the 1820s — just as a full-scale Temperance Movement was gaining momentum on the national scene. But no actions were taken.

Then it happened. On 25 October 1832, President Andrew Jackson, impatient with Congress, took matters into his own hands, and signed an Executive Order dictating that coffee and sugar were to be substituted for the allowance of rum, whiskey or brandy. From that day until this, COFFEE has remained a vital component of the U.S. Army soldier’s field ration.


南北戰爭期間(1861 - 1865),咖啡成為北軍士兵的主要口糧之一。每名北軍士兵每日配給量約為49.6克(1.75盎司)。咖啡的供應被視為維持士氣和耐力的關鍵因素。

北軍在物資供應上顯然更為充足。據記載,波托馬克軍團的營地早晨經常燃起成百上千個篝火,士兵們在營地內研磨咖啡豆,隨後用鐵杯沖泡。

然而,由於聯邦海上封鎖的實施,南方聯盟地區的咖啡供應幾乎完全中斷。

英國觀察家甚至指出,咖啡短缺對南方士兵的打擊「遠甚於酒精的缺乏」。而一位阿拉巴馬護士幽默地提到,對咖啡的渴望或許會成為北方征服南方的利器。

南方士兵和民眾被迫尋找創意解決方案,其中蕃薯咖啡成為最具代表性的替代品之一。


蕃薯咖啡:

1861年,《Our Little Paper of Lansingburgh》刊載了一個蕃薯咖啡的製作方法,該配方可能來自《American Agriculturalist》雜誌。這份報導描述了一種以蕃薯為原料的「咖啡」,

步驟如下:

1. 選材:挑選健康無損的蕃薯,洗淨並去皮。
2. 切片與乾燥:將蕃薯切成半英寸長的塊狀,在火爐上烘乾。
3. 烘焙:以與咖啡豆相同的方式將蕃薯烘焙至淺棕色。
4. 沖泡:直接以蕃薯塊沖泡,而非研磨成粉。

“Wash and scrape good sound tubers; cut them into pieces, half an inch long; dry them in the stove; roast them as you would coffee, until of a light brown color. Make "coffee" from them in the usual manner, except that the pieces are not to be ground.”

這種蕃薯咖啡雖然與真正的咖啡風味和外觀有所不同,但其甜美的味道和黑麥帶來的堅果香,讓其成為南方地區深受喜愛的替代品之一。

蕃薯咖啡只是南方人創意的冰山一角。在《Confederate Coffee Substitutes: Articles from Civil War Newspapers》中記載了許多替代品的版本,包括:秋葵種子,柿子,焦糖化的糖蜜,甜菜,蘆筍,歐防風,橡子,菊苣根,玉米,粉黑麥,棉籽 等.這些替代品不僅滿足了對咖啡的需求,也反映出戰爭期間的創造力與應變能力。


戰前替代品的先例

值得注意的是,咖啡替代品的使用早在南北戰爭之前便有記載。早在1808年,《Expositor》便提到法國人將蒲公英根作為咖啡的替代品;1817年的《Geneva Gazette》則建議使用歐防風作為咖啡和巧克力的替代品。此外,焙烤過的黑麥在1820年代的美國巴爾的摩也廣受歡迎,被視為經濟且愛國的選擇。

蕃薯咖啡及其他創意替代品是南北戰爭特殊時期的歷史見證,展現了困境中的智慧與韌性。它們雖然無法取代真正的咖啡,但在物資匱乏的年代,這些替代品不僅僅是一種飲品,更是對生活的適應與堅持。

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