很幸運的買到了 1713 年的 Memoires de l'Academie des Science
延續前一篇文章（1）的路徑，親手翻閱尋找超過十年的出版物，實在很幸福啊
這先記錄 Jussieu 關於咖啡文章的全文（使用 Google Translate 翻譯! ）
文中提到的 Gaudron 先生指的是 Jean-Baptiste Gaudron，一位在聖馬洛港口城市工作的「藥劑師大師」（Maître Apoticaire）。當 Jussieu 在巴黎從事科學研究時，Gaudron 則是連結國際貿易界和學術界的關鍵人物。Gaudron 為 Jussieu 提供資訊。如文中所述：
- 情報收集者：Gaudron 從外科醫生 Jean Desnoyers 那裡獲得了關於咖啡的第一手報告（Relation）。 Desnoyers 剛剛乘坐一艘聖馬洛商船從也門返回。
- 科學聯絡人：Gaudron 意識到這則訊息的重要性，便轉寄給了皇家科學院的 Antoine de Jussieu。
起點：在 Jussieu 擁有自己的活體咖啡樹進行研究之前，Gaudron 的報告是他所能獲得的最準確的資訊。正是 Gaudron 的倡議激發了 Jussieu 對咖啡研究的深入探索。聖馬洛港 Saint-Malo：地理位置得天獨厚。聖馬洛是法國「摩卡之旅」（Second Voyage to Mocha (1711–1713)）的中心。港口城市的藥劑師往往是第一批檢驗水手帶回的異國種子和植物的歐洲人。Gaudron 是聖馬洛精英階層的一員，他們資助並支持印度公司（Compagnie des Indes）的航行。這些人不僅僅是商人；他們是一群充滿好奇心的知識分子，渴望了解他們所交易的異國商品的「秘密』。透過將 Desnoyers 的筆記寄給Jussieu，Gaudron幫助咖啡從一種秘密的商業商品轉變為公開的科學研究對象。
Based on the historical context of the article and botanical records from that era, the full name of the surgeon is Jean Desnoyers. He was a ship's surgeon who served on the second French expedition to Mocha between 1711 and 1713. This voyage was organized by the merchants of Saint-Malo (the "Compagnie des Indes de Saint-Malo") specifically to establish direct trade with Yemen. In the text, Mr. Desnoyers refers to a French surgeon named Desnoyers who provided one of the earliest eyewitness accounts of a coffee plantation to the French scientific community. According to Jussieu's introduction, Desnoyers arrived in France shortly before 1713 from Zedia (likely a phonetic French spelling for Zebid or a similar district in the Tihama region of Yemen).
根據文章的歷史背景和當時的植物學記錄，這位外科醫生的全名是讓·德斯諾耶（Jean Desnoyers）。他是一名船醫，曾於1711年至1713年間參與了第二次法國摩卡探險。此次航行由聖馬洛的商人（「聖馬洛印度公司」）組織，旨在與也門建立直接貿易。文中提到的德斯諾耶先生指的是一位法國外科醫生，他為法國科學界提供了最早的咖啡種植園目擊報告之一。根據Jussieu 的介紹，德斯諾耶於1713年之前不久從澤迪亞 Zedia（可能是也門提哈馬地區澤比德或類似地區的法語拼寫）抵達法國。
- His Role in the Article
Desnoyers is the primary source of the "Relation" (report) that Jussieu initially intended to publish.
Desnoyers 是 Jussieu 最初打算發表的「報告」（Relation）的主要來源。
- The Eyewitness: He was one of the very few Frenchmen of that era to have actually traveled a few days' journey inland from the port of Mocha to see the plants where they were cultivated.
- The Informant: He passed his observations to M. Gaudron, a Master Apothecary in Saint-Malo, who then forwarded them to Jussieu in Paris.
- 目擊者：他是那個時代極少數真正從摩卡港出發，跋涉數日深入內陸，親眼目睹植物栽培地的法國人之一。
- 資訊提供者：他將自己的觀察告知了聖馬洛的藥劑師高德龍 Gaudron，高德龍先生又將資訊轉交給了身在巴黎的朱西厄。
The "Imperfect" Source: Jussieu notes that while Desnoyers’ information was valuable, he decided to "suppress" (discard) the report in favor of his own study. This wasn't necessarily because Desnoyers was wrong, but because Jussieu believed that observing the live tree in the Royal Garden was scientifically superior to a surgeon's travel notes.
「不完善」的來源：Jussieu 指出，儘管德諾耶的資訊很有價值，但他還是決定「壓制」（捨棄）這份報告，轉而採用自己的研究。這並非一定是因為德諾耶錯了，而是因為朱西厄認為，在皇家花園中觀察活樹比外科醫生的旅行筆記更具科學性。
- Why Jussieu chose his own study over Desnoyers?
Desnoyers was a Surgeon, not a Botanist. In the 18th century, a surgeon was trained to look at the uses of plants (medicine), whereas a botanist like Jussieu was interested in the structure of the plant (taxonomy). Jussieu likely found Desnoyers' description of the flowers and seeds too vague for a formal academic paper.
Desnoyers 是外科醫生，而非植物學家。在18世紀，外科醫師接受的訓練著重於研究植物的用途（藥用），而像朱西厄這樣的植物學家則更關注植物的結構（分類學）。朱西厄可能認為Desnoyers 對花和種子的描述過於籠統，不適合發表正式的學術論文。
- Historical Context
Desnoyers represents the "intelligence gathering" phase of French coffee history. Before the French could start their own coffee colonies, they relied on people like Desnoyers to confirm where the trees grew, how much water they needed, and how the Arabs harvested them. This information was vital for the eventual mission to transplant coffee to the French West Indies.
德斯諾耶代表了法國咖啡發展史上的「情報收集」階段。在法國人建立自己的咖啡種植園之前，他們需要依靠像德斯諾耶這樣的人來確認咖啡樹的生長地點、需水量以及阿拉伯人的採摘方式。這些資訊對於最終將咖啡移植到法屬西印度群島至關重要。
3. Mrs. Rai & Dale
John Ray (1627–1705) John Ray is often called the "Father of English Natural History." He was a massive influence on Jussieu and later on Linnaeus. His Contribution: Ray was the first to provide a biological definition of a species. He moved away from classifying plants by their uses (like "medicinal" vs. "edible") and instead looked at their physical structures.
Samuel Dale (1659–1739) Samuel Dale was a physician, apothecary, and a close friend and collaborator of John Ray. His Contribution: He is best known for his book "Pharmacologia" (1693), which was a definitive guide to the medicinal uses of plants and substances.
約翰雷（1627–1705）約翰雷常被稱為「英國博物學之父」。他對朱西厄和後來的林奈都產生了巨大的影響。他的貢獻：雷是第一個對物種進行生物學定義的人。他摒棄了根據植物用途（例如“藥用”與“食用”）進行分類的方法，轉而研究它們的物理結構。
塞繆爾·戴爾（1659–1739）塞繆爾·戴爾是一位醫生、藥劑師，也是約翰·雷的摯友和合作者。他的貢獻：他最著名的著作是《藥理學》（1693），這是一本關於植物和物質藥用價值的權威指南。
4. Rauvolf
Leonhard Rauwolf (1535–1596) The "Chaube" Description: In his book, Rauwolf described a drink called "Chaube" (coffee) that he saw in Aleppo. He described it as being "black as ink" and noted that the locals drank it early in the morning in public places to help with stomach illnesses. A Pioneer: the first modern botanist to systematically collect and describe the flora of the Near East. A Collector brought back a massive herbarium of over 800 plants, which is still preserved at the University of Leiden.
萊昂哈德·勞沃爾夫 (1535–1596) “咖啡”的描述：勞沃爾夫在他的書中描述了一種名為“咖啡”（Chaube）的飲品，這是他在阿勒頗見到的。他形容這種飲品“黑如墨汁”，並指出當地人會在清晨在公共場所飲用，以緩解胃病。先驅者：他是第一位有系統地收集和描述近東植物的現代植物學家。收藏家：他帶回了一份包含800多種植物的大型植物標本集，至今仍保存在萊頓大學。
5. Bauhins
Jean Bauhin: (1541–1613)Famous for his work Historia Plantarum Universalis, a massive encyclopedia that attempted to describe every known plant.
Gaspard Bauhin: (1560–1624)The younger brother, famous for his Pinax Theatri Botanici. He is credited with the revolutionary idea of using a genus and species name—a "binomial" system that Linnaeus later perfected.
讓‧鮑欣 (Jean Bauhin)：(1541–1613) 以其著作《世界植物誌》(Historia Plantarum Universalis) 而聞名，這是一部試圖描述所有已知植物的巨著。
加斯帕德·鮑欣 (Gaspard Bauhin)：(1560–1624) 是讓·鮑欣的弟弟，以其著作《植物劇場圖譜》(Pinax Theatri Botanici) 而聞名。他被認為是使用屬名和種名這一革命性理念的提出者——這種「二名法」系統後來被林奈完善。
前面文章的 1.3 Les Bauhins.
6. Bernier
"Bernier" refers to François Bernier (1620–1688), a famous French physician, philosopher, and traveler. He is a significant figure in history for being one of the first Europeans to provide detailed eyewitness accounts of the Mughal Empire in India, where he served as the personal physician to the Mughal crown prince Dara Shikoh and later the Emperor Aurangzeb.
「貝爾尼埃」指的是弗朗索瓦·貝爾尼埃（1620–1688），一位著名的法國醫生、哲學家和旅行家。他是歷史上的重要人物，因為他是最早對印度莫臥兒帝國進行詳細目擊記錄的歐洲人之一。他曾擔任莫臥兒皇太子達拉·希科的私人醫生，後來又擔任奧朗則布皇帝的私人醫生。
- Why Jussieu Mentions Him
Jussieu cites Bernier to highlight the botanical confusion that existed before scientists had live coffee trees to study. Specifically:
The "Creeping Plant" Theory: Jussieu notes that Bernier "suspected" the coffee plant was a creeping plant similar to Bindweed (Liseron).
朱西厄引用貝尼埃的觀點，是為了強調在科學家擁有活體咖啡樹進行研究之前，人們對咖啡樹的植物學認知存在著許多混亂。具體來說：
「匍匐植物」理論：朱西厄指出，貝爾尼埃「懷疑」咖啡樹是一種類似旋花（Liseron）的匍匐植物。
Why Bernier thought this: During his travels through the Middle East (Egypt, Arabia, and India) between 1656 and 1669, Bernier saw coffee being consumed and traded, but he likely never saw a coffee plantation in the highlands of Yemen. He may have mistaken a different climbing plant for coffee or relied on faulty descriptions from locals.
The "Lettre sur le café": Bernier wrote a famous letter about coffee that was included in Philippe Sylvestre Dufour's 1685 book, Traités nouveaux et curieux du café, du thé et du chocolat. This was one of the "imperfect" accounts Jussieu was trying to correct with his 1715 memoir.
貝爾尼埃為何會有此想法：1656年至1669年間，貝爾尼埃遊歷中東（埃及、阿拉伯和印度），目睹了咖啡的消費和交易，但他很可能從未在也門高原見過咖啡種植園。他或許將另一種攀緣植物誤認為咖啡，或依賴當地人不準確的描述。
《論咖啡》：貝爾尼埃寫了一封關於咖啡的著名信件，收錄於菲利普·西爾維斯特·杜福爾1685年出版的《咖啡、茶和巧克力新奇趣聞錄》（Traités nouveaux et curieux du café, du thé et du chocolat）一書中。這正是朱西厄在1715年回憶錄中試圖糾正的「不完美」的記載之一。
- Who was François Bernier?
The Traveler: He spent 12 years in the East. His book, Voyages de F. Bernier, was a bestseller in the 17th century and remains a primary source for historians of India today.
旅行家：他在東方生活了12年。他的著作《F. Bernier遊記》在17世紀風靡一時，至今仍是印度歷史學家的重要參考資料。
The Philosopher: He was a student and close friend of the philosopher Pierre Gassendi. He was part of the intellectual circle of Paris that included Molière and Cyrano de Bergerac.
The Scientist: He is also known for writing one of the first papers attempting to classify the human "races" based on physical characteristics (published in the Journal des sçavans in 1684).
哲學家：他是哲學家皮耶‧伽桑狄的（Pierre Gassendi.）學生和摯友。他也是巴黎知識分子圈子的一員，該圈子還包括莫里哀和西哈諾·德·貝熱拉克（Molière and Cyrano de Bergerac）。
科學家：他也因撰寫了最早嘗試根據體貌特徵對人類「種族」進行分類的論文之一而聞名（該論文發表於1684年的《學者雜誌》）。
- Jussieu's Point
By mentioning a famous intellectual like Bernier, Jussieu is showing that even the smartest and most traveled men of the previous generation were guessing about the nature of coffee. Jussieu uses Bernier's "Bindweed" error to prove that direct observation in the Royal Garden is the only way to achieve true scientific accuracy.
透過提及像貝尼埃這樣一位著名的知識分子，朱西厄表明，即使是上一代最聰明、見多識廣的人，也只能猜測咖啡的本質。朱西厄利用貝尼埃的「旋花」謬誤來證明，在皇家花園進行直接觀察才是獲得真正科學準確性的唯一途徑。
7. M. de Resson Lieutenant-General
In the text, M. de Resson refers to Jean-Baptiste-Sébastien de Ressons (1660–1735). He was a high-ranking French military officer and an influential figure in the early history of coffee in France.
文中提到的 M. de Resson 指的是讓-巴蒂斯特-塞巴斯蒂安·德·雷松（Jean-Baptiste-Sébastien de Ressons，1660–1735）。他是法國高級軍官，也是法國咖啡早期發展史上的重要人物。
- Who was he?
De Ressons lived a "double life" typical of the Enlightenment:
德·雷松過著啟蒙時代典型的「雙重生活」：
The Soldier: Professionally, he was the Lieutenant-General of Artillery. He was a renowned expert in military engineering, ballistics, and the chemistry of gunpowder, serving under King Louis XIV.
The Scientist: Personally, he was an "Amateur de la Botanique" (a lover of botany). He was an "Associé Libre" of the Royal Academy of Sciences, a title given to distinguished individuals who contributed to science alongside their primary careers.
軍人：他的職業是砲兵中將。他是一位著名的軍事工程、彈道學和火藥化學專家，曾效力於路易十四國王麾下。
科學家：他是一位「植物學愛好者」（Amateur de la Botanique）。他是法國皇家科學院的「自由會員」（Associé Libre），這一頭銜授予那些在主要職業之外也為科學做出傑出貢獻的人士。
- His specific role in your text
Jussieu highlights de Ressons to clarify how the coffee plant first took root in France:
朱西厄著重介紹了德·雷松，以闡明咖啡樹最初是如何在法國紮根的：
The First Importer: While the famous "gift" from the Mayor of Amsterdam (M. Pancras) arrived in 1714, de Ressons had actually secured a coffee plant from Holland shortly before that. He used his personal connections as a high-ranking official to obtain it.
第一位進口者：雖然著名的阿姆斯特丹市長（潘克拉斯先生）的「禮物」是在1714年抵達的，但德·雷松實際上在此之前不久就從荷蘭獲得了一株咖啡樹。他利用自己作為高級官員的人脈關係獲得了這株咖啡樹。
Act of Generosity: Jussieu notes that de Ressons "deprived himself" of this rare and valuable plant by donating it to the Jardin du Roi (now the Jardin des Plantes in Paris). At the time, owning a live coffee plant was a massive status symbol for a private collector; giving it to the state allowed scientists like Jussieu to study it for the public good.
慷慨之舉：朱西厄指出，德·雷松將這株珍稀植物捐贈給了國王花園（現為巴黎植物園），從而「放棄了」自己擁有它的權利。在當時，擁有一株活的咖啡樹對於私人收藏家來說是身份的象徵；將其捐贈給國家，使得像朱西厄這樣的科學家能夠為了公眾利益對其進行研究。
The "Improductive" Plant: Interestingly, other historical records suggest de Ressons’ original plant was somewhat sickly and didn't fruit well. This is why Jussieu emphasizes that the later gift from M. Pancras was so important—it was the healthy, fruiting specimen that allowed for the detailed botanical description you are reading.
「不結果實」的植株：有趣的是，其他歷史記錄表明，德·雷松最初的植株有些病弱，結果也不多。這就是為什麼朱西厄強調潘克拉斯先生後來的禮物如此重要——正是這株健康且結果實的植株，才使得您現在所讀到的詳盡植物學描述成為可能。
- Historical Context
De Ressons represents the era when botanical knowledge was a matter of national security and prestige. By bringing the first plant to the Royal Garden, he set the stage for the French to eventually cultivate coffee in their own colonies (like Martinique), breaking the Dutch and Arab monopolies on the bean.
德雷松代表著一個植物學知識關乎國家安全與聲望的時代。他將第一株咖啡樹帶到皇家花園，為法國最終在其殖民地（如馬提尼克島）種植咖啡奠定了基礎，打破了荷蘭和阿拉伯對咖啡豆的壟斷。
- Why the names look different:
You likely had trouble finding him because Jussieu uses a shortened aristocratic shorthand ("M. de Resson"), while Wikipedia uses his full formal name: Jean-Baptiste Deschiens de Ressons.
您可能很難找到他的名字，是因為朱西厄使用了貴族式的縮寫（“M. de Resson”），而維基百科則使用了他的全名：讓-巴蒂斯特·德謝恩·德雷松。
In the 18th century, it was common for high-ranking members of the Academy to be referred to simply by their title and estate name (Ressons) rather than their full family name (Deschiens).
在18世紀，人們通常用頭銜和莊園名稱（Ressons）來稱呼學院的高級成員，而不是使用完整的姓氏（Deschiens）。
They are exactly the same person. The confusion arises because in 18th-century records, it was common for names and titles to be spelled in different ways depending on the context (military, scientific, or legal).
他們指的是同一個人。之所以會產生混淆，是因為在18世紀的記錄中，姓名和頭銜的拼寫方式會根據語境（軍事、科學或法律）而有所不同。
- Here's why both names are used:
The family name (Deschiens): His full birth name was Jean-Baptiste Deschiens. "Deschiens" was his family name (his father was Pierre Deschiens, a secretary to the king).
姓氏（Deschiens）：他的全名是讓-巴蒂斯特·德尚（Jean-Baptiste Deschiens）。 「Deschiens」是他的姓氏（他的父親是皮埃爾·德尚（Pierre Deschiens），國王的秘書）。
The title of ownership (de Ressons): As was customary among the French nobility and upper bourgeoisie, he added the name of his estate or property to distinguish himself. Ressons (sometimes spelled without the "s") was the name of the land associated with his family.
所有權頭銜（de Ressons）：按照法國貴族和上層資產階級的慣例，他會在名字後面加上自己莊園或財產的名稱以示區別。 Ressons（有時拼字中不帶“s”）是他家族擁有的土地的名稱。
The compound name (Sébastien): In many academic documents and eulogies (such as those from the Academy of Sciences), he is identified as Jean-Baptiste-Sébastien to formally differentiate him from other family members or simply due to the protocol of the time.
複合名（塞巴斯蒂安）：在許多學術文獻和悼詞（例如科學院的悼詞）中，他被稱為讓-巴蒂斯特-塞巴斯蒂安，這既是為了正式地將他與其他家庭成員區分開來，也是出於當時的禮儀規範。
In Jussieu's article: Jussieu refers to him simply as "M. de Resson" because in the circle of the Royal Academy of Sciences, he was primarily known by his title and military rank (Lieutenant General of Artillery).
在朱西厄的文章中：朱西厄只稱他為“德雷松先生”，因為在皇家科學院的圈子裡，他主要以其頭銜和軍銜（砲兵中將）為人所知。
